Navy SEALS May Dive Deep on Ketones

Research on oxygen toxicity suggests Navy SEALS
may benefit from higher ketone levels during deep dives.

A few days ago I linked to a study showing that a particular fatty acid, decanoic acid, could be responsible for at least some of the seizure-suppressing power of one version of the ketogenic diet. According to SeaPower Magazine, the Office of Naval Research (ONR) is banking on an alternative explanation by funding research on ketone-ester oral supplements in the hope that they can quell the potentially deadly seizures sometimes experienced by special ops scuba divers.

For stealth, NAVY seals, for instance, use closed-circuit rebreathers on their oxygen supplies. While these devices minimize bubbles visible on the water's surface (a giveaway to SEAL-wary enemies) and allow for very deep dives, they also increase the risk of hyperbaric oxygen poisoning. Seizures are an occasional and usually lethal side effect oxygen toxicity. 

The research,  led by University of South Florida  neuroscientist  Dominic D'Agostino, is based on the theory that the ketone esters themselves are hefting the weight of seizure control. Underlying that idea is the observation that when brain cells burn ketones instead of glucose they become less seizure prone. The association between ketosis and seizure suppression is well established, but the causal mechanism--or mechanisms--is still hotly debated.

D'Agostino fed ketone esters to rats that were then put in deep-dive-simulating hyperbaric chambers. Compared to a control group that did not get the ketones, the first group was significantly less likely to have seizures. What's more, they also performed better on other physical and cognitive tests.

So, it seems that while specific ketogenic-diet-related fats reduce seizures, so do the presence of ketones, even when those fats are not present. At least in rodents. This suggest that the ketogenic diet may have more than one seizure-suppression mechanism going for it.

D'Agostino hopes to move his research into human trials next year.

What Makes the Ketogenic Diet Work? It's The Fat! (At Least Partly)

The MCT-suppliment diet is just one of many
effective high-fat, low-carb epilepsy treatments

A new study in the journal Brain reveals one mechanism by which a variant of the ketogenic diet treatment seems to work. The MCT (medium-chain triglyceride) ketogenic diet is a relatively easy to follow version of the diet that is more popular in the UK than in the US, where other lower-carb varieties predominate. It was thought that ingested MCT oil produced ketones more easily than other kinds of fats, and that the extra ketones produced were hefting the weight of seizure control. The new study, though, reveals the effectiveness of a particular fatty acid, decanoic acid, at quelling seizures in animal models. Like ketones, decanoic acid is produced by the liver when the body runs out of carbohydrates to burn and converts fat into fuel for the brain. In the animal studies at University College London, and reported in Brain, decanoic acid was shown to directly decrease the excitability of neurons and thus reduce the risk of seizures. The presence of ketones themselves didn't seem to matter much.

High-fat, low-carb, ketogenic diets have been effectively used to treat epilepsy since the 1920s.  In the late 20s and 30s it was the most popular and most effective treatment available, and was especially good for treating children, whose eating habits could be more easily controlled than those of adults. The popularity of ketogenic diets as a first-line treatment took a nose dive, though, with the discovery of the anti-seizure drug Dilantin in the late 1940s. The diet's effectiveness (better than Dilantin for hard-to-treat cases) was clear to clinicians who used it, but because it was labor intensive for patients, care givers, and doctors, and also because no one knew how it worked, it fell from fashion. Fortunately, the treatment was kept alive in a few epilepsy centers, most notably at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore, where hundreds of so-called "intractable" pediatric epilepsy patients found relief over the decades.

Ketogenic treatments became popular again in the 1990s, largely because of the publicity following an NBC Dateline documentary about the effectiveness (and lack of negative side effects) associated with the under-used treatment. Still, though, the mechanisms by which the treatment supressed seizures remained mysterious. Only in the past decade has research on how the diet works really begun to bear fruit. Different theories have spawned variations of the diet, some focusing on raising ketone levels in patients, others focusing on the beneficial effects of the fats themselves, and still others on the positive effects of minimizing carbohydrates. According to the top researchers in the field, there may well be more than one mechanism at play. That would help explain the surprisingly broad effects of the diet, which is also currently being studied as a treatment for Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and even cancer.

This New Scientist Piece by Clare Wilson is  good, but it confuses the MCT ketogenic diet for all ketogenic treatments and assumes that the mechanism reported in the Brain paper explains all of the ketogenic diet effects. Fortunately, it's much more likely that other mechanisms will also be revealed in  months and years to come.  And each of those will open new clinical possibilities and shed light on basic metabolic processes in the brain.